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Istanbul - Turkey
Istanbul, the old Konstantinopel, is the largest town of Turkey and was founded under the name Byzantion. Bosporus it extends both at the European like on the Asian page the and is the only town of the earth which lies on two continents with that. With its almost three thousand years of history it is one of the oldest towns of the world still existing. It is traditionally, the seat of the patriarch of Konstantinopel some orthodox churches in today's Turkey belong which and which is appreciated as a head of the complete orthodoxy. The town is seat of an Armenian archbishop of the Turkish orthodox municipality. Istanbul is university town and houses libraries, numerous museums as well as foreign culture institutes.
Story of Istanbul
In 658 V . Chr. Dorian Greek founded a colony on the European shore the Bosporus in a quiet and protected port from Megara. By the strait at the Bosporus ways of the favorable geographical situation the black is in conjunction with the Marmarameer sea and this for his part leads over the Dardanelles into the Mediterranean Byzantium became an important trade center very soon.
In 513 V . Chr. the Persian king conquered Darius I. town. 324, Konstantin I. united both parts of the Roman empire after Christ and he baptized the new capital on May 11th, 330 solemnly on the name new Rome. It becomes, however, knowner under the name Konstantinopel later. Konstantinopel reached emperors Justinian I., only head of state and church, to glory.
The intellectual tension in which the occident lived had led to the thought of the crusades, connected with the idea of freeing the sacred places from the unbelieving ones in Jerusalem, toward the end of the 11th century. The crusaders Konstantinopel conquered in April 1204. The town was looted and numerous inhabitants murdered, works of art of incalculable value were irrevocably lost. The city of 1261 of the Byantinischen empire was reduced to about 100,000 inhabitants, robbed of their earlier glory, under Michael VIII. reconquered.
The siege Konstantinopels by Ottoman forces started under sultan Mehmed II on April 5th, 1453. and in the morning of May 23rd the town was occupied. The power of the Ottoman empire achieved its highlight with sultan Süleyman I. whose architect Sinan the town beautified with numerous mosques, bridges, palaces and fountains. With the progressive fall of the Ottoman influence in the region and the reduction of the empire by the beginning of the 20th century the town also expired.
In the first World War the Ottoman empire beat itself on the page of the middle powers and lost. The empire was divided up under the allied victorious powers and had to accept tremendous field losses. At first Istanbul with the straits Bosporus and Dardanelles was occupied by the Allies which it wanted to make their new capital it, Greece primarily demanded the "return" of "Konstantinopel". A war of liberation started called under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
Istanbul also lost the status as a capital of modern Turkey to Ankara in the central highland Anatoliens, well in 1923 to disassociate oneself from the tradition of the Ottomans: Sultanate and Kalifat were disestablished, the Arabic document was replaced by the Latin, an educational system orientated at western ideals was installed, a general right to vote, introduced.
Istanbul kept, however, the cultural and economic meaning which still was strengthened by the active move of people from Anatolien for the 1950s years. These set up in so-called Gecekondus, huts built overnight and with that legally, at the outskirts. Gigantic construction projects over and under the earth which cannot, however, hold step with the rapid population growth were the consequence.
1925 forbade the at that time numerous and member strong dervish medals to Kemal Atatürk, meanwhile founder of the republic. Most then proceeded in the secret one, some of them still have large supporters in today's time. However, to escape the still valid ban, these usually occur as culture organizations.
The weekday of the Armenian and Greek minorities still living in Istanbul was marked by discrimination and permanent reprisals after the first World War. It came to the introduction of a special wealth tax in 1942 in September 1955 to real pogroms. All Greek were finally expelled from the country without a Turkish nationality in 1964.
The town was shaken by a series of devastating terrorist stops at the end of 2003. Saturday, November 15th, exploded one car bomb each in front of Istanbul's largest synagogue Neve Shalom as well as this one of this five kilometers removed Beth-Israel synagogue and damaged these heavily at this. About 20 people were killed, more than 250 were hurt partly seriously. On following Thursday, November 20th, it added to another stop, this time on the building of the British HSBC bank and the British consulate. About 30 people are killed, injured over 450. As perpetrators Islamisten were found afterward.
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